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Rigorous global analysis across 204 countries using Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling and machine learning to identify multimorbidity patterns and risk factors for cardio-renal-metabolic disease in older adults, with clear regional trends and projections to 2035.
A narrative review synthesizing evidence from multiple trials (FLOW, cardiovascular outcome trials) to position incretin-based therapies within the therapeutic landscape for CKD, without reporting a primary study result or meta-analysis.
This is an executive summary of a professional society guidance document (AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN) providing recommendations for integrated cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome management in CKD; it presents expert consensus rather than empirical trial evidence.
Rigorous meta-analysis of 80 observational studies with dose-response modelling, clear effect sizes and confidence intervals, but observational design and surrogate indices limit practice-changing status.
A narrative review synthesizing existing clinical evidence and mechanistic pathways to reappraise fibrate therapy within a proposed disease framework, intended to inform clinical thinking rather than report new trial results.
A sound cross-sectional study in a focused population showing independent associations between cystatin C and measures of adiposity and insulin resistance, but limited by retrospective design, lack of prospective validation, and surrogate endpoints.
Single-centre, small prospective cross-sectional study (n=53) with no comparator group; describes prevalence of renal findings in an obese population but lacks the design rigour and sample size to establish causation or guide practice change.
A comprehensive mechanistic review synthesizing evidence on obesity-driven kidney injury pathways and proposing candidate mechanisms and emerging therapies, but presenting no primary data, clinical trial results, or effect sizes to support claims.