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Prospective cohort study with 19.6-year median follow-up, hard clinical endpoint (incident ASCVD), and consistent dose–response relationships across multiple abdominal obesity measures with statistical significance and robust sensitivity analyses.
This is a narrative review synthesizing current understanding of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and hepatic involvement, offering diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations rather than reporting original research evidence.
A rigorous narrative review of mechanistic and clinical evidence suggesting SGLT2 inhibitors may reduce nephrolithiasis risk, but based on short-term surrogate endpoints and observational data lacking standardized stone outcomes, requiring confirmation in dedicated randomized trials.
A small, single-centre descriptive comparison of two obesity classification methods in a specific transplant population, with a primary finding (BMI possibly overestimating obesity) that did not reach statistical significance and requires confirmation.
Rigorous global analysis across 204 countries using Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling and machine learning to identify multimorbidity patterns and risk factors for cardio-renal-metabolic disease in older adults, with clear regional trends and projections to 2035.
A narrative review synthesizing evidence from multiple trials (FLOW, cardiovascular outcome trials) to position incretin-based therapies within the therapeutic landscape for CKD, without reporting a primary study result or meta-analysis.
This is an executive summary of a professional society guidance document (AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN) providing recommendations for integrated cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome management in CKD; it presents expert consensus rather than empirical trial evidence.
Rigorous meta-analysis of 80 observational studies with dose-response modelling, clear effect sizes and confidence intervals, but observational design and surrogate indices limit practice-changing status.