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A perspective review raising questions about organoid models for cancer rather than reporting empirical results, mechanistic findings, or clinical outcomes with measured effect sizes.
Preclinical discovery and optimization study with in vitro, xenograft, and animal toxicology data, but no human clinical evidence; Phase 1 trial is only stated as 'underway' with no results reported.
Mechanistic study in cell and animal models identifying a pathway linking lactylation to drug tolerance, with clinical associations but no prospective clinical trial or intervention outcome data.
This is a narrative review raising mechanistic questions about MET signaling in lung cancer immunology rather than reporting empirical results from original research.
This is an exploratory mechanistic study in cultured glioblastoma cells using gene expression arrays and pharmacological perturbations to propose a model of SORT1 function; the authors explicitly state the model 'remains to be tested with direct functional assays', and no clinical outcome or animal validation is presented.
Mechanistic discovery in animal models with correlative human data; no clinical trial evidence, no intervention tested in patients, and no hard clinical outcomes reported.
A prospective case–control study of modest size (150 participants) with clear separation between groups and strong ROC performance for a candidate biomarker, but surrogate endpoints (AUC, survival association) rather than a clinical trial of intervention, requiring confirmation in independent cohorts.
This is a narrative review synthesizing mechanistic and preclinical evidence on CAF biology in osteosarcoma, proposing translational directions without clinical trial data or validated biomarkers.