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This is a protocol or background document describing a planned prospective cohort study using UK Biobank data to investigate circadian syndrome and Parkinson's disease incidence; no results are reported, making it a prospective study design statement rather than evidence of an effect.
Rigorous prospective cohort study with adjudicated hard cardiovascular endpoints, clear phenotype-based risk stratification with internal and external validation, showing clinically meaningful hazard ratios that outperform standard AHI scoring.
Cross-sectional study with self-reported data and no control group; describes activity patterns and associations but cannot establish causation and lacks objective measurement, limiting evidence strength for clinical decisions.
Retrospective observational study with modest sample size and no statistical testing of primary PSG outcomes; descriptive findings on polysomnographic patterns in obese OSA patients that require confirmation in larger, prospective cohorts.
Pilot feasibility study with small sample (n=24 randomized, n=20 completed) showing no between-group effects on primary clinical outcomes; associations observed are post-hoc exploratory analyses suggesting hypothesis for future study.
A sound cross-sectional study with a well-matched design and mechanistic endpoints (insulin sensitivity, arterial stiffness, substrate oxidation) showing that adherence to 24-h movement guidelines relates to cardiometabolic health in adults with obesity, but limited by small sample size, cross-sectional design, and lack of hard clinical outcomes.
A narrative review synthesizing mechanistic pathways and proposing a conceptual framework; does not report primary experimental evidence, effect sizes, or comparative clinical outcomes.
Cross-sectional exploratory study demonstrating associations among sleep, circadian rhythm, functioning, and adherence in depression, but lacking causal evidence, control group, or intervention testing to support practice change.