ABSTRACT Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, responsible for 685 million cases and 200,000 deaths annually. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) enables not onl
A well-designed observational cohort study with multivariate analysis identifying independent correlates of long-term HCV reinfection protection, but limited by small sample size, lack of intervention, and reliance on a high-risk population that may not generalize.
Single-centre in vitro work in bladder cancer cells demonstrating a novel viral engineering concept with surrogate endpoints (replication, lysis, particle formation) but no clinical outcomes, animal models, or comparative efficacy data.
First-in-kind preclinical study in mice demonstrating proof-of-concept for an engineered vaccine candidate; lacks human data, comparative efficacy trials, and independent replication required to guide clinical practice.