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Urinary Tract Infections Management / Infection Control in Healthcare / Nosocomial Infections in ICU · Journal article
Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases · September 8, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This is a single-centre retrospective laboratory surveillance study from a general hospital in Mosul, Iraq, documenting the distribution of bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial-resistance profiles from 247 clinical specimens over 10 months. The findings describe local prevalence of common pathogens and resistance mechanisms (ESBL-producing Enterobacterales, carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacterales, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) but do not compare outcomes, test interventions, or establish causation; they are suitable for informing local antimicrobial stewardship efforts but have limited external validity.
Retrospective cross-sectional laboratory-based surveillance study. Clinical specimens (n=381) submitted to the bacteriology laboratory of General Mosul Hospital, Mosul, Iraq; predominantly urine specimens (61.2%).. n = 381. General Mosul Hospital, Mosul, Iraq.
Bacterial growth in 247/381 specimens (64.8%); no growth in 134/381 (35.2%) Leading organisms: E. coli 57 (23.1% of positive), S. agalactiae 47 (19.0%), S. aureus 45 (18.2%), S. hominis 30 (12.1%), K. pneumoniae 19 (7.7%) Possible ESBL-producing Enterobacterales: 70/247 (28.3%) of positive specimens
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
Clinicians and infection prevention teams in resource-limited settings may use this local resistance profile to guide empiric antimicrobial choices pending culture results and to prioritise antimicrobial stewardship interventions. However, results are specific to one centre and time period and should not be generalised to other regions or populations without local validation.
Single-centre retrospective laboratory surveillance study describing bacterial distribution and resistance patterns without intervention, comparator, or hypothesis testing; useful for local epidemiology but limited generalizability and no causal inference.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
Clinicians and infection prevention teams in resource-limited settings may use this local resistance profile to guide empiric antimicrobial choices pending culture results and to prioritise antimicrobial stewardship interventions. However, results are specific to one centre and time period and should not be generalised to other regions or populations without local validation.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Background: Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance remain major challenges in hospitals where local culture-based surveillance is limited. Objective: To determine the distribution of bacterial isolates recovered from different clinical specimens and describe their antimicrobial-resistance profiles in a general hospital in Mosul, Iraq. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional laboratory-based study was performed in the bacteriology laboratory of General Mosul Hospital, Mosul, Iraq, from March to December 2025. Records of 381 clinical specimens were reviewed. Bacteria were isolated and identified by routine culture and biochemical methods, and susceptibility was tested by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. Results: Significant bacterial growth was recorded in 247/381 specimens (64.8%), while 134/381 (35.2%) showed no growth. The leading organisms were Escherichia coli, 57(23.1% of positive specimens); Streptococcus agalactiae, 47 (19.0%); Staphylococcus aureus, 45(18.2%); Staphylococcus hominis, 30(12.1%); Klebsiella pneumoniae, 19(7.7%); Staphylococcus epidermidis, 18(7.3%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 17(6.9%); Enterococcus faecalis, 14 (5.7%); and Acinetobacter baumannii, 10(4.0%). Urine was the most frequent specimen category, 233/381 (61.2%). Possible extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales accounted for 70/247 (28.3%) positive specimens, carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacterales for 19/247 (7.7%), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus for 14/247 (5.7%). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate a substantial burden of bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance and support routine cumulative antibiogram reporting, confirmatory testing of major resistance mechanisms, and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):278-286
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