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Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments / Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases · Journal article
Frontiers in Medicine · August 7, 2026
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This cross-sectional study documents lower serum 25(OH)D and higher chemerin concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to non-diabetic controls, and associations between these markers and metabolic syndrome components. However, neither 25(OH)D nor chemerin retained independent association with metabolic syndrome status in adjusted logistic regression, and the authors explicitly conclude that associations indicate correlation rather than causal or diagnostic relationships, calling for longitudinal and interventional studies.
Cross-sectional analytical study. 88 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 88 non-diabetic comparison participants with equal sex distribution (44 females and 44 males per group), recruited at King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh.. n = 176. King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
Metabolic syndrome prevalence: 79.5% (70/88) in diabetic vs 48.9% (43/88) in non-diabetic participants (p=0.001) Vitamin D deficiency in diabetic group: 20.5% (18/88) vs 8% (7/88) in non-diabetic group (p≤0.001) Vitamin D insufficiency in diabetic group: 53.4% (47/88) vs 36.4% (32/88) in non-diabetic group (p≤0.001)
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Clinicians should note that although vitamin D deficiency and elevated chemerin are common in type 2 diabetes and associate with metabolic syndrome components, neither marker independently predicted metabolic syndrome status in adjusted analysis. These findings support investigation of these biomarkers' roles but do not yet justify their use as diagnostic or prognostic tools for metabolic syndrome in diabetic patients.
Cross-sectional observational study demonstrating associations between vitamin D, chemerin, and metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes, but lacking causal inference, longitudinal follow-up, and independent predictive value in adjusted models.
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Clinicians should note that although vitamin D deficiency and elevated chemerin are common in type 2 diabetes and associate with metabolic syndrome components, neither marker independently predicted metabolic syndrome status in adjusted analysis. These findings support investigation of these biomarkers' roles but do not yet justify their use as diagnostic or prognostic tools for metabolic syndrome in diabetic patients.
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Background This study investigated the associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the principal circulating marker used to assess vitamin D status, and chemerin with metabolic syndrome (MetS) components in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in a non-diabetic comparison group. The MetS components assessed were central obesity/waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and HDL-C, because these are the diagnostic elements of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition. Methods This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, between August 2021 and December 2022. Participants were classified as having MetS according to IDF criteria, and vitamin D status was classified using serum 25(OH)D concentrations as deficient, insufficient, or sufficient. Serum 25(OH)D, chemerin, and CRP were measured by ELISA. Results A total of 176 participants were included in the study (88 with diabetes and 88 non-diabetic comparison participants), with equal sex distribution in both groups (44 females and 44 males per group). Compared with the non-diabetic comparison group, participants with T2DM had significantly higher chemerin ( p 0.001) and significantly lower 25(OH)D ( p 0.001). The MetS was more common in diabetic participants than in non-diabetic comparison participants: 70/88 (79.5%) vs. 43/88 (48.9%) ( p 0.001). Blood chemerin levels were also elevated in those with MetS compared with those without MetS ( p = 0.032). Within the diabetic group, 18/88 (20.5%) had 25(OH)D deficiency and 47/88 (53.4%) had insufficient levels, whereas among non-diabetic comparison participants, 7/88 (8%) had deficiency and 32/88 (36.4%) had insufficient levels ( p 0.001). Higher FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, TC, and CRP were associated with lower 25(OH)D in diabetic subjects. The latter inverse relationships were also observed in the MetS subgroup. Chemerin was associated with HOMA-IR, FPG, TC, CRP, and HbA1c in diabetic subjects. In the MetS subgroup, FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, TC, and CRP remained positively correlated with chemerin. The regression analysis revealed that diabetic status and female sex were independently related to 25(OH)D status. In the adjusted chemerin model, chemerin was inversely and significantly associated with 25(OH)D (B −2.451, 95% CI −3.916–−0.986, p = 0.001). Diabetes and female sex were the only variables independently associated with MetS status in the logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Individuals with T2DM showed lower serum 25(OH)D and increased chemerin concentrations than non-diabetic comparison participants. Chemerin was higher in participants with MetS, whereas neither 25(OH)D nor chemerin was independently associated with MetS in the adjusted logistic model. These findings support an association, rather than a causal or diagnostic relationship, between 25(OH)D, chemerin, and cardiometabolic disturbance in this cohort. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are required.
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