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A retrospective single-centre cohort of 49 patients with a clear association between irAEs and improved OS and PFS, but limited by small sample size, single-institution design, and lack of a randomized comparator, requiring confirmation in prospective or larger studies.
Retrospective cross-sectional study of cancer prevalence and inflammatory biomarkers in a single Italian cohort with no comparator group; descriptive and exploratory design that characterizes associations but cannot establish causation or clinical utility of the composite score.
A retrospective derivation and validation study identifying a three-gene prognostic score in ccRCC with independent association to overall survival; sound design but limited by retrospective nature, single-center derivation cohort, and lack of prospective validation.
A conceptual framework proposing mechanisms of second primary cancer evolution based on existing literature; raises testable predictions but presents no new empirical data or clinical evidence.
International Journal of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Research
A single-centre retrospective descriptive study over 15 years with no comparator, control group, or analytical design; reports incidence and outcomes but cannot test causation or establish clinical efficacy.
Retrospective real-world database analysis of testing utilization and costs across nine cancer types; descriptive findings on patterns and cost variation, but without comparative efficacy, clinical outcome, or causal inference.
A narrative synthesis of epidemiological trends and clinical management implications for HCC in Europe, intended to inform practice and policy rather than report a primary research finding.
Large prospective multicenter registry study with rigorous cross-sectional design and complete clinicopathological data, providing population-level prevalence estimates and validated independent predictors of mismatch repair deficiency in an unselected colorectal cancer cohort.