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In vitro experimental study of nanoparticle synthesis and characterization with antimicrobial testing against a single bacterial strain; no clinical data, comparative quantification, or validation in relevant systems.
This is a narrative review that synthesizes existing knowledge on nanomaterials and oral microbiota without reporting original empirical data, clinical outcomes, or controlled comparisons.
This is a narrative review article examining mechanistic properties of metal nanoparticles against microorganisms, raising questions about physicochemical-antimicrobial relationships rather than reporting empirical clinical evidence or comparative efficacy data.
This is a mechanistic review of an emerging platform concept with no clinical trial data, analyzing barriers and theoretical potential rather than testing efficacy in humans or animals.
Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences
This is a narrative review discussing the conceptual promise of nanotechnology-based antimicrobials against antibiotic resistance, with no primary experimental data, clinical outcomes, or comparative efficacy evidence presented.
In vitro synthesis and characterization study with cell-based cytotoxicity assay but no in vivo validation, animal models, or clinical testing; early-phase nanotechnology work demonstrating proof-of-concept.
In vitro mechanistic study of a biosynthesized nanoparticle platform in cancer cells; demonstrates proof-of-concept but lacks in vivo validation, clinical endpoints, or comparison to standard-of-care therapy.
This is a narrative review summarizing biological synthesis methods and proposed mechanisms of Cu/CuO nanoparticles, without presenting original experimental data, clinical trials, or meta-analysis of efficacy.