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Single-centre, retrospective laboratory surveillance of bacterial isolates with descriptive epidemiology and resistance patterns; provides local data to guide therapy but lacks clinical outcomes, prospective enrolment, or comparison groups.
Mathematical modeling study using indirect calibration to surveillance data; produces state-level estimates but lacks direct validation and relies on assumptions about undiagnosed infections.
Single-centre pilot feasibility study with uncontrolled design and surrogate endpoints (molecular detection); demonstrates technical capability and epidemiological associations but lacks comparative evidence or clinical outcome data needed to guide practice.
Descriptive, uncontrolled sample collection with culture isolation findings; no comparative design, treatment protocol, or clinical outcomes reported; raises epidemiological questions about fungal abortion in dogs without intervention or validation.
This is an expert commentary on guideline recommendations and existing evidence for nitrofurantoin in UTI treatment, synthesizing published trials and meta-analyses rather than reporting new primary data.
A perspective article synthesizing epidemiological evidence and expert recommendations on STI management, AMR, and diagnostic stewardship in sex workers across Africa, aligned with WHO strategy but not reporting original trial data.
This is a descriptive wastewater surveillance study characterizing detection of three STI pathogens across geographic scales; it lacks a clinical outcome, comparator, or causal hypothesis, and serves to establish feasibility and patterns rather than test an intervention or confirm a clinical effect.
This is a narrative review synthesizing epidemiological and clinical observations about Candida infections without presenting primary research data, controlled comparisons, or quantified effect sizes.