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A prospective observational study with longitudinal design and established metabolic endpoints showing maternal parenting stress and efficacy predict child metabolic markers via coparenting quality, but limited by observational methods, lack of paternal associations, and modest mechanistic clarity.
This is a narrative review synthesizing mechanistic pathways rather than reporting new empirical evidence; it raises questions about immune dysregulation linking obesity to GDM but does not present primary data or definitive evidence to answer them.
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science
This is a narrative literature review synthesizing existing evidence on childhood obesity mechanisms and consequences, without original data, primary endpoints, or comparative analysis to support practice-changing or strong claims.
Prospective cohort study with validated dietary assessment showing inverse association between maternal fruit/vegetable intake and offspring overweight/obesity, but limited by modest sample size, observational design, and single Mediterranean population.
A single-center prospective cohort study with a modest sample size demonstrating clinically meaningful metabolic improvements and weight loss after bariatric surgery in a specific population, but lacking a comparator arm and with trajectories identified post-hoc by unsupervised modeling.
A narrative review synthesizing current knowledge on insulin resistance in pregnancy, its pathogenesis, assessment, and management strategies; provides expert synthesis rather than original evidence of efficacy.
This is a narrative mini-review synthesizing mechanistic, animal, and observational human evidence without new primary data, raising questions about maternal fiber and SCFA effects on offspring health rather than providing definitive answers.
Rigorous retrospective cohort study with multivariable adjustment, clear effect sizes and confidence intervals on clinically relevant outcomes (insulin requirement, macrosomia) in a well-defined GDM population, but observational design and single-centre setting prevent practice-changing classification.