Single-center pilot implementation with small convenience sample (n=25) and only subjective Likert-scale post-activity surveys; no control group, no knowledge assessment, and no objective outcomes reported.
Descriptive epidemiological surveillance report of laboratory isolates over 8 years with no comparator group, control arm, or inferential analysis; informs public health monitoring but does not establish clinical outcomes or causal relationships.
Mathematical modeling study using indirect calibration to surveillance data; produces state-level estimates but lacks direct validation and relies on assumptions about undiagnosed infections.
Retrospective single-centre case series with modest sample size and no comparator; provides descriptive epidemiology and outcomes but lacks the design rigour to support generalizable clinical recommendations.