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Laser-ablation Synthesis of Nanoparticles · Journal article
Lasers in Medical Science · September 8, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
Low-level laser irradiation at 80 J/cm² induced markers of cell death and nitrosative stress in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells cultured in 3D alginate-gelatin microspheres, with dose-dependent effects and mixed modulation of Wnt-related gene expression. This is an early mechanistic study demonstrating that LLLI can alter CRC cell behaviour in a more physiologically relevant model than 2D culture, but lacks clinical translation, in vivo validation, or comparison to standard therapies.
In vitro controlled experiment using 3D microsphere model. HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells cultured within alginate-gelatin composite microspheres.. Intervention: Low-level laser irradiation at 2 J/cm² or 80 J/cm² fluence, applied 48 hours after cell encapsulation.. Compared with: Untreated control cells at 48 hours (implicit from methods; no separate sham-irradiated group explicitly described)..
80 J/cm² LLLI exposure increased LDH release and higher nitric oxide production compared to untreated controls (p < 0.05) 80 J/cm² exposure reduced HT-29 cell density (p < 0.05), while 2 J/cm² showed modest, assay-dependent cytoprotective effects RT-qPCR demonstrated mixed transcriptional response with both up- and down-regulation of Wnt-related genes; these data do not establish activation of a Wnt signaling pathway
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This work is exploratory and does not provide evidence sufficient to guide clinical practice. Before LLLI could be considered as a CRC therapeutic modality, in vivo efficacy, safety, and comparative effectiveness studies would be required.
In vitro mechanistic study in a 3D model system showing dose-dependent effects on colorectal cancer cells, but without clinical outcome data, in vivo validation, or comparison to standard therapies.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
This work is exploratory and does not provide evidence sufficient to guide clinical practice. Before LLLI could be considered as a CRC therapeutic modality, in vivo efficacy, safety, and comparative effectiveness studies would be required.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
The high incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been a big challenge in human medicine. Along with several available therapies, specific modalities, e.g., low-level laser irradiation (LLLI), have been introduced to achieve proper regenerative outcomes. Unfortunately, most studies have investigated the tumoricidal effects of LLLI on cancer cells using a 2D culture system with less comparable capacity to in vivo conditions. Here, the detrimental impacts of LLLI were studied in human CRC cells encapsulated inside alginate-gelatin (Alg-Gel) microspheres after 48 h. Alg (1% w/v)-Gel (1% w/v) microspheres were developed using CaCl₂-mediated ionic cross-linking. Physicochemical properties, including swelling and degradation rates, gel fraction, FTIR spectra, and SEM morphology, were examined. The mean diameter and cell distribution of HT-29 cell-laden microspheres were evaluated by bright-field microscopy. Cell membrane integrity and nitric oxide (NO) production were assessed using LDH-release and Griess assays 48 h after LLLI at fluences of 2 and 80 J/cm². Cell density was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression of Wnt-related genes was assessed by RT-qPCR. FTIR findings supported integration of Alg and Gel, and the composite showed measurable swelling, degradation, and gel-fraction characteristics together with a porous interconnected ultrastructure. The mean microsphere diameter was 305.85 ± 19.07 μm, and cells were distributed throughout the microspheres. The 80 J/cm² exposure was associated with increased LDH release, higher NO production, and lower HT-29 cell density (p < 0.05), while less LLLI intensity, 2 J/cm², showed a modest, assay-dependent cytoprotective pattern. RT-qPCR demonstrated a mixed transcriptional response involving both up- and down-regulation of Wnt-related genes; these data do not by themselves establish activation of a Wnt signaling pathway. LLLI can alter the dynamic growth of human CRC cells depending on laser intensity by influencing survival rate, nitrosative stress, and certain Wnt signaling genes. These data can help in the development of an accurate therapeutic protocol in the clinical setting.
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