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Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment / Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins · Journal article
International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review · September 8, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This cross-sectional study of 50 postmenopausal women found metabolic syndrome in 52% (26/50) and reports that all nine women with ultrasonographically detectable hepatic steatosis (grades 1–3) belonged to the metabolic syndrome group. The study demonstrates an association between metabolic syndrome parameters and fatty liver but cannot establish causation and is limited by its small, single-centre design.
Hospital-based cross-sectional observational study. Postmenopausal women evaluated at a single hospital centre in India.. Compared with: Women without metabolic syndrome (n=24). n = 50. Government Medical College, Jammu (India); single centre..
26 of 50 women (52.0%) met NCEP ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome Women with metabolic syndrome had higher fasting glucose (130.08±24.41 vs 108.29±17.97 mg/dL; P=0.001) Women with metabolic syndrome had higher triglycerides (213.19±45.77 vs 134.08±20.24 mg/dL; P<0.001)
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The finding that metabolic syndrome is present in over half of this postmenopausal sample and is tightly associated with ultrasonographically visible hepatic steatosis suggests clinicians should screen for metabolic abnormalities in postmenopausal women with fatty liver disease. However, the small single-centre design and cross-sectional nature limit generalisability and preclude causal inference.
Single-centre observational study with modest sample size (n=50) and cross-sectional design, showing associations between metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis in postmenopausal women but lacking a comparator group and unable to establish causation.
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The finding that metabolic syndrome is present in over half of this postmenopausal sample and is tightly associated with ultrasonographically visible hepatic steatosis suggests clinicians should screen for metabolic abnormalities in postmenopausal women with fatty liver disease. However, the small single-centre design and cross-sectional nature limit generalisability and preclude causal inference.
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ABSTRACT Background: Menopause is accompanied by changes in body-fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism that may increase susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis. Aim: To assess metabolic syndrome parameters and their relationship with ultrasonographic hepatic steatosis in postmenopausal women. Methods: This hospital-based observational study included 50 postmenopausal women evaluated in the Postgraduate Department of Physiology and Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Jammu, over one year. Anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting glucose and lipid profile were recorded. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the NCEP ATP III criteria: at least three of the following: waist circumference ≥88 cm, triglycerides >150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol <50 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or antihypertensive treatment, and fasting blood glucose ≥110 mg/dL. Hepatic steatosis was graded by ultrasonography from grade 0 to grade 3. Results: Twenty-six of 50 women (52.0%) met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Compared with women without metabolic syndrome, those with metabolic syndrome had higher weight (74.00±5.43 vs 61.96±4.48 kg; P<0.001), BMI (29.42±1.76 vs 25.09±1.13 kg/m²; P<0.001), waist circumference (97.42±3.30 vs 89.88±4.73 cm; P<0.001), hip circumference (100.85±3.35 vs 92.75±5.34 cm; P<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (84.23±7.26 vs 79.17±6.28 mmHg; P=0.012), total cholesterol (167.46±17.80 vs 149.46±22.35 mg/dL; P=0.003), triglycerides (213.19±45.77 vs 134.08±20.24 mg/dL; P<0.001) and fasting glucose (130.08±24.41 vs 108.29±17.97 mg/dL; P=0.001), while HDL cholesterol was lower (39.08±5.86 vs 52.13±3.96 mg/dL; P<0.001). Ultrasonography showed grade 0 in 41 (82.0%), grade 1 in 2 (4.0%), grade 2 in 5 (10.0%) and grade 3 in 2 (4.0%) women. All nine women with grade 1–3 steatosis belonged to the metabolic syndrome group. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome was common in this postmenopausal sample and was characterized principally by greater adiposity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol and higher fasting glucose. Ultrasonographically detectable hepatic steatosis occurred only among women with metabolic syndrome, supporting a close relationship between metabolic abnormalities and fatty liver in postmenopausal women. Keywords: postmenopause; metabolic syndrome; hepatic steatosis; NAFLD; obesity; dyslipidemia
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