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Metabolic Syndrome · Journal article
Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders · August 27, 2026
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This cross-sectional analysis of 5,947 adults from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study found that higher exercise self-efficacy was associated with reduced odds of metabolic syndrome in men (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99) and inversely associated with waist circumference and lipid profiles in both sexes, but associations varied by sex and self-efficacy domain. The authors explicitly characterize these findings as exploratory and acknowledge that the cross-sectional design prevents causal inference, necessitating longitudinal follow-up.
Cross-sectional observational study. Adults aged ≥20 years (n=5,947; 54.3% female) enrolled in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.. Intervention: Self-efficacy domains (exercise, nutrition, responsible health practices, psychological well-being) assessed by SRAHP scale.. Compared with: Metabolic syndrome status and component measurements (waist circumference, lipid profiles) stratified by self-efficacy quartiles or continuous scores.. n = 5,947. Tehran, Iran (Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study)..
Metabolic syndrome prevalence significantly higher in men than women (37.21% vs. 25.43%, p < 0.001) Higher exercise self-efficacy associated with decreased odds of MetS in men (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99, p = 0.018) Higher psychological well-being self-efficacy associated with increased odds of MetS in men (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.04, p = 0.027)
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The association between exercise self-efficacy and reduced metabolic syndrome risk in men suggests targeting exercise confidence may benefit metabolic health management, but the cross-sectional design limits causal interpretation. Sex-specific approaches to self-efficacy interventions may be warranted pending longitudinal validation.
Cross-sectional observational study with exploratory findings on self-efficacy and metabolic syndrome; authors explicitly state findings are exploratory and require longitudinal confirmation, limiting causal inference.
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The association between exercise self-efficacy and reduced metabolic syndrome risk in men suggests targeting exercise confidence may benefit metabolic health management, but the cross-sectional design limits causal interpretation. Sex-specific approaches to self-efficacy interventions may be warranted pending longitudinal validation.
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Background and aims. This study aimed to examine the association between self-efficacy in adopting health-promoting behaviors with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in adults men and women.Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study data, including 5,947 adults (54.3% females) aged ≥ 20 years. MetS was defined based on the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. Self-efficacy was assessed using the validated Persian Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices (SRAHP) scale that evaluated four subscales: exercise, nutrition, responsible health practices, and psychological well-being. Logistic and linear regression were used to analyze the data.Results. The MetS prevalence was significantly higher in men than in women (37.21% vs. 25.43%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, the association between self-efficacy and MetS remained significant only in men. Specifically, a higher perception of exercise self-efficacy was associated with decreased odds of MetS (OR = 0.98, CI: 0.96, 0.99, p = 0.018), whereas higher psychological well-being self-efficacy was associated with increased odds of MetS (OR = 1.02, CI: 1.00, 1.04, p = 0.027). A greater exercise self-efficacy was inversely associated with waist circumference and lipid-related profiles in both sexes. However, associations between other SRAHP subscales and MetS components differed between men and women.Conclusions. Self-efficacy was more strongly associated with MetS in men. Enhancing self-efficacy, particularly for exercise, may benefit the management of metabolic health, though approaches may need to be tailored between men and women. Given the cross-sectional design, these findings are exploratory and require longitudinal confirmation.Supplementary information. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-026-02063-7.
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