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Early-stage in vitro chemical screening with molecular modelling; no animal efficacy data, significant toxicity concerns (LD50 Category 2), and the authors themselves call for further optimization before preclinical development.
Early-stage mechanistic study combining bioinformatics clustering, cell-line experiments, and computational docking without clinical validation or in vivo efficacy data for proposed HLTF-targeting interventions.
This is a mechanistic and design account of a novel nonviral delivery platform with in vitro proof-of-concept and preliminary in vivo tumor association data, lacking efficacy endpoints or clinical translation.
Early-phase in vivo mechanistic study in mice using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing; demonstrates MMP9 knockout reduces bladder cancer malignancy but fails to achieve synergy with established immunotherapies, lacking human validation and clinical endpoints.
Early-stage mechanistic study combining public database analysis, cell line knockdown, and mouse models with surrogate endpoints (proliferation, migration, bone metastasis incidence) but lacking human clinical validation of the proposed pathway.
Mechanistic study combining computational analysis of public single-cell data with in vitro cell-line models to propose SLPI as a putative response factor; lacks clinical validation, in vivo evidence, and the authors explicitly state further validation is required.
A small, single-centre, cross-sectional immunohistochemistry study showing increased CD10 expression from adenomas to carcinomas; descriptive and correlative, without mechanistic validation or clinical outcome data.
A systematic review of 32 studies showing consistent suPAR elevation in psychosis and depression with emerging prognostic signal (antidepressant response, hospital admission risk), but evidence remains sparse, methodologically inconsistent, and unsuitable for clinical routine use.