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Single-center cross-sectional descriptive study with a surrogate outcome (awareness and acceptance scale) in a hospitalized population, lacking a comparator or control group and not powered to establish causation.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 RCTs with pooled odds ratios showing significant improvement in guideline adherence; limited heterogeneity supports generalizability, though within-study variation and reporting gaps prevent identification of specific effective design features.
A population-level epidemiological analysis using established GBD methodology that documents and confirms the rising burden of type 2 diabetes in MENA countries; descriptive rather than interventional, with no novel mechanistic or clinical insights.
A narrative review synthesizing epidemiology, burden, and management approaches for diabetes, offering public health and clinical recommendations rather than primary evidence of efficacy.
Multicentre RCT with 297 analysed patients showing significant improvements in quality of life, patient knowledge, and self-management skills with intensive nurse-led education, though the primary endpoint on rehospitalization was neutral.