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A comprehensive narrative review synthesizing the biology, engineering, and therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles, offering expert perspective on current state and future directions rather than reporting original experimental results.
Preclinical proof-of-concept in engineered cellular vesicles and mouse tumor models; no human data, no efficacy endpoint with confidence intervals or statistical comparison, and no toxicity data reported.
This is a narrative review synthesizing mechanistic literature on immune cell-derived exosomes in cancer, raising questions about bidirectional regulation rather than reporting new empirical data or clinical outcomes.
This is a narrative review summarizing the state of non-viral gene delivery platforms, their clinical maturity, barriers, and future directions for researchers and clinicians.
This is a literature review synthesizing preclinical and mechanistic evidence about CRISPR-Cas9 delivery via extracellular vesicles for HIV; no original data, clinical trials, or human efficacy evidence is presented, and the authors explicitly state further studies are needed before clinical applicability can be evaluated.
This is a narrative review synthesizing preclinical mechanistic evidence and proposing a theoretical framework; it does not report primary experimental data, clinical outcomes, or comparative efficacy studies.
This is a comprehensive review article synthesizing biological mechanisms and experimental technologies for miRNA modulation in breast cancer, without reporting primary clinical trial data or definitive therapeutic outcomes.
A sound preclinical study in murine tumor models showing improved tumor control and survival with combination therapy, but requires clinical translation and confirmation before practice change.