Background: Genitourinary (GU) cancers—prostate, urothelial, and renal cell carcinomas (RCCs)—are a leading source of oncologic morbidity and mortality. Tumor heterogeneity and evo
Axillary staging has traditionally been performed routinely in early breast cancer to provide prognostic information and guide adjuvant therapy. In the era of targeted anti-tumor t
Aim: Treatment approaches for biliary tract cancer (BTC) vary widely. Genomic profiling through next-generation sequencing (NGS) has made it possible to apply precision medicine in
With national breast cancer screening programs leading to earlier diagnosis and improved treatments, more women are achieving long-term remission. However, this has resulted in ris
An integrative bioethical review identifying systemic challenges and recommending policy frameworks for equitable implementation of precision oncology in resource-limited settings, grounded in normative ethical theory rather than empirical outcome data.