Experimental evolution study using in vitro and ex vivo models to characterize an adapted phage variant; no animal infection efficacy data, clinical outcomes, or in vivo proof of concept reported.
Early-phase development of a laboratory tool (attenuated viral mutant) with demonstrated feasibility in cell culture and a mouse model, but lacking clinical validation or regulatory approval.
A single-centre observational study of wastewater surveillance showing earlier detection of pertussis DNA than clinical reporting, but lacking formal validation against a prospective clinical gold standard or multi-site confirmation.
Early-stage in vivo study in mice using a novel intranasal nanomedicine formulation with a surrogate endpoint (viral load reduction), lacking control group details, clinical outcomes, and adequate sample size reporting.
Early-phase preclinical and translational work comparing nanovaccines to antibiotics in mouse models of neonatal listeriosis and in vitro dendritic cell immunomodulation; lacks clinical trial data and human efficacy endpoints.
A narrative synthesis of human epidemiological and clinical data on two related viruses to inform vaccine development strategy, without new primary data or comparative efficacy evidence.
Large-scale digital surveillance study documenting pertussis epidemiology and molecular characteristics in China, but lacking a comparator group and relying on a self-selected platform population, limiting causal inference and generalizability.
Laboratory and genomic analysis identifies subtype-specific GES variant resistance patterns to novel β-lactam/inhibitor combinations in a retrospective collection, but lacks clinical outcome data.