Descriptive epidemiological analysis of aggregated mortality data showing temporal trends in stimulant-involved overdose deaths, without comparison group or causal inference; characterizes a public health pattern rather than evaluating an intervention or definitive outcome.
A rigorous cross-sectional analysis with adequate sample size and adjusted estimates showing substantially higher substance use in girls, with decomposition analysis identifying specific mediating factors; however, cross-sectional design precludes causal inference and relies on self-reported outcomes.
Systematic review of 32 RCTs with consistent evidence of short-term effectiveness across diverse populations, though long-term durability remains uncertain and effects are heterogeneous by subgroup.