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Extracellular Vesicles in Disease · Journal article
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · August 4, 2026
A consensus or society position rather than new primary data.
This is a narrative expert review that surveys the current state and future potential of theranostic approaches combining biotechnology and nanotechnology for infectious lung diseases including COVID-19, tuberculosis, influenza, and pneumonia. It provides a conceptual framework and identifies research priorities but does not report empirical efficacy data or outcome statistics from clinical trials.
Journal article. Patients with infectious lung diseases including pneumonia, tuberculosis, COVID-19, influenza, and emerging fungal infections; COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mentioned in case study scope.
Theranostics integrating biotechnology (CRISPR-Cas, ncRNAs, monoclonal antibodies) and nanotechnology (nanosensors, SERS, nanocarriers) offers precision medicine paradigm for pulmonary infections Multiple nanocarrier platforms reviewed: lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and biomimetic systems for targeted delivery Expert opinion identifies need for smart multi-stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms integrated with artificial intelligence, standardized preclinical models, regulatory clarity, and health economic analyses
Challenges acknowledged (safety, manufacturing, regulatory, economic feasibility) but not quantified or resolved
This review identifies emerging theranostic approaches and research directions for precision pulmonary medicine but does not provide clinical outcome data to guide immediate practice changes. Clinicians should view this as a conceptual landscape assessment highlighting future opportunities rather than evidence supporting specific interventions.
A narrative expert review synthesizing biotechnology and nanotechnology approaches for theranostic infectious lung disease management; offers conceptual framework and research directions rather than empirical evidence from original research.
This review identifies emerging theranostic approaches and research directions for precision pulmonary medicine but does not provide clinical outcome data to guide immediate practice changes. Clinicians should view this as a conceptual landscape assessment highlighting future opportunities rather than evidence supporting specific interventions.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
What is missing. This record has no reported figures. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
INTRODUCTION: Introduction: Infectious lung diseases, including pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), COVID-19, influenza, and emerging fungal infections, are major causes of illness and death worldwide. Traditional methods have serious limitations such as diagnostic delays, antimicrobial resistance, and non-targeted therapy. Theranostics offers a transformative precision medicine paradigm for pulmonary infections. AREAS COVERED: This review looks closely at how biotechnology and nanotechnology synergistically advance theranostic strategies for infectious lung diseases. We explore biotechnological tools including CRISPR-Cas systems, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for detecting specific pathogens and intervening directly. We also discuss nanotechnological platforms such as nanosensors, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and various nanocarriers (lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and biomimetic systems) for drug, gene, and vaccine delivery with better targeting, controlled release, and imaging capabilities. Integrated case studies across major diseases, including COVID-19, influenza, TB, pneumonia, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, demonstrate effective theranostic applications. We also address associated challenges like safety, manufacturing, regulatory hurdles, and economic feasibility. EXPERT OPINION: The combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology represents a paradigm shift toward personalized pulmonary medicine. Future success needs to develop smart, multi-stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms, integrating artificial intelligence for predictive modeling and treatment optimization, and establishing closed-loop theranostic systems that connect real-time diagnostics with adaptive therapies. Key priorities include standardized preclinical models, clear regulations for combination products, and health economic analyses demonstrating cost-effectiveness. Interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, molecular biologists, clinicians, and regulatory specialists will be essential to translate these promising platforms from bench to bedside.
Taken from the source record, never inferred. Follow any of these and new work involving them reaches your briefing.