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Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases / Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases · Review
Health Science Reports · August 26, 2026
Raises a question worth testing. It does not answer one.
This is a narrative synthesis of the CVD literature covering epidemiology, pathophysiology, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and emerging therapeutic approaches including conventional agents and medicinal plant-based therapies. It identifies the disease burden and raises therapeutic possibilities but does not present original data, comparative trials, or quantified efficacy evidence for any intervention.
Narrative review. Peer-reviewed literature on cardiovascular disease epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and therapeutic approaches; approximately 85% published 2020–2025 and 15% from 2016–2019..
Global CVD prevalence nearly doubled between 1990 and 2019 with mortality continuing to rise worldwide Atherosclerosis identified as primary pathological basis of ischemic cardiovascular disorders, driven by endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and vascular remodeling Major modifiable risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity
Global CVD prevalence nearly doubled between 1990 and 2019 with mortality continuing to rise worldwide
This review provides conceptual framework and identifies emerging therapeutic targets but does not establish efficacy evidence for practice. Clinicians seeking guidance on specific interventions will find references to emerging therapies (e.g., PCSK9 inhibitors, phytotherapy) but no comparative effectiveness data or recommendations to change current practice.
This is a narrative review synthesizing literature on CVD epidemiology, pathophysiology, and emerging therapies including phytotherapy, without original data or comparative evidence to support specific clinical claims.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
This review provides conceptual framework and identifies emerging therapeutic targets but does not establish efficacy evidence for practice. Clinicians seeking guidance on specific interventions will find references to emerging therapies (e.g., PCSK9 inhibitors, phytotherapy) but no comparative effectiveness data or recommendations to change current practice.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
ABSTRACT Background and Aims Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, encompassing coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, and cerebrovascular disorders. The global burden of CVD continues to rise, driven by complex interactions among endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle‐related risk factors. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and emerging therapeutic approaches for CVD, highlighting recent advances in precision medicine and phytotherapy. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Keywords included “cardiovascular disease,” “Atherosclerosis,” “Pathophysiology,” “Risk Factors,” “Treatment,” “Hyperglycemia,” and “Hypertension.” Approximately 300 publications were initially identified. Following title, abstract, and full‐text screening, 156 relevant articles were selected for inclusion. About 85% of the reviewed literature was published between 2020 and 2025, while the remaining 15% originated from 2016 to 2019. Results The review demonstrates a substantial increase in the global burden of CVDs, with prevalence nearly doubling between 1990 and 2019 and mortality continuing to rise worldwide. Atherosclerosis emerged as the primary pathological basis of ischemic cardiovascular disorders, driven by endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and vascular remodeling. Major modifiable risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity, while age, sex, and genetic susceptibility contribute to disease risk. Emerging therapeutic strategies such as PCSK9 inhibitors, dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors, siRNA‐based therapies, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and anti‐inflammatory biologics show promising clinical outcomes. Additionally, medicinal plants including Astragalus membranaceus, Citrus bergamia, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Olea europaea exhibit cardioprotective effects. Conclusion CVD remains a significant global health challenge requiring multifaceted management strategies. The integration of conventional pharmacotherapy, precision medicine, gene‐based interventions, and evidence‐based phytotherapeutics offers promising opportunities to improve cardiovascular outcomes and reduce the growing global disease burden.
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