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A comprehensive narrative review synthesizing the biology, engineering, and therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles, offering expert perspective on current state and future directions rather than reporting original experimental results.
This is a preclinical proof-of-concept study of a novel hydrogel material tested in vitro and in animal models, demonstrating feasibility but lacking human clinical data or comparison to standard therapy.
Preclinical proof-of-concept in a murine model with no clinical data, surrogate endpoints (tumor burden, bone destruction markers), and no human efficacy or safety evidence.
This is a preclinical materials science study reporting rational design and in vitro/in vivo characterization of a nanoagent; it raises mechanistic questions about nanoparticle performance but does not test efficacy against a comparator in any clinical or disease model.
This is an exploratory in vitro proof-of-concept study of a novel nanoplatform combining siRNA and photothermal therapy; it demonstrates mechanism in cell models but lacks in vivo efficacy data, clinical translation, or direct comparison to standard antiviral therapy.
This is a narrative review exploring preclinical aptamer and gold nanoparticle strategies for colorectal cancer, presenting mechanistic concepts and projected benefits without clinical trial data or empirical validation.
This is a narrative review synthesizing preclinical mechanistic evidence and nanocarrier design strategies for bufalin, with no clinical trials, efficacy data, or comparative outcomes reported.
Preclinical proof-of-concept in engineered cellular vesicles and mouse tumor models; no human data, no efficacy endpoint with confidence intervals or statistical comparison, and no toxicity data reported.