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A retrospective cohort study with adequate sample size and long follow-up (median 63 months) reporting a clinically meaningful primary endpoint (delayed re-stoma-free survival), but lacks a comparator group and prospective design; results support the durability of sphincter-preserving surgery but require confirmation in prospective studies.
Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
Quality improvement study showing significant compliance improvements across multiple antibiotic stewardship metrics without harm, but using process measures rather than hard clinical outcomes and lacking a concurrent control arm.
A real-world retrospective cohort of 274 PVP patients omitting prophylaxis showed zero SSI at 90 days, but the absence of a comparator arm and single-centre design limit definitive inference about safety policy.
Single-center prospective observational study with modest sample size describing incidence and risk factors for healthcare-associated infections; identifies neoadjuvant radiotherapy as an independent risk factor but lacks comparator arm and external validation.