SEP 9, 2026 · JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dynamic epidemiological changes of hand, foot, and mouth disease and real-world effectiveness of EV-A71 vaccination: A case study in Shanghai (2009-2023).
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
Rigorous test-negative design study with large real-world population (73,160 cases) over 15 years demonstrating vaccine effectiveness against the target pathogen with precise confidence intervals; not practice-changing because vaccination policy was already implemented.
Reported
Primary endpoint: VE two-dose aga…89.9%
95% CI for two-dose VE74.5-96.0
VE one-dose against EV-A71-associ…67.9%