This is a methodological framework paper proposing computational standards for depression subtyping; it does not report empirical trial results, effect sizes, or clinical validation data to support practice change.
A well-designed cross-sectional and longitudinal study of biomarkers in a substantial adolescent psychiatric cohort with clear measurement and modest discriminatory power, but limited by single-centre design, surrogate endpoints, and lack of clinical outcome validation.
Cross-sectional analysis generating a conceptual framework for future intervention; no causal inference possible, no randomized comparison, and findings explicitly framed as hypothesis-generating rather than definitive.
A theoretical framework proposing computational mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, without empirical validation data, clinical trials, or mechanistic evidence presented in the source.
Retrospective observational study showing association between therapeutic drug monitoring frequency and reduced hospitalization duration with cost savings, but lacks randomization, prospective design, and external validation.
A well-designed cross-sectional study demonstrating graded dose–response relationships between EEG biomarkers and depression severity across a continuous spectrum, but limited by lack of prospective validation, treatment outcome data, or clinical utility thresholds.
A single-centre, real-world validation study of machine-learning phenotyping using surrogate (note-based) classification of treatment response, without comparison to gold-standard clinical outcomes or prospective clinical utility demonstration.