AUG 5, 2026 · JOURNAL ARTICLE
Beyond Direct Trauma: Epidemiology of Exposure Modalities, Event Types, and PTSD in a National Polish Sample
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Population-based cross-sectional study with rigorous instrumentation (validated MTES and PCL-5) in a nationally representative sample, clearly mapping trauma exposure pathways and PTSD risk; provides robust epidemiological evidence but lacks longitudinal or causal design.
Reported
Sample size808
Overall trauma exposure prevalence95.1%
Direct trauma exposure prevalence89.5%