Abstract Background Biological sex and endocrine signaling influence cancer biology, immune response, and therapeutic outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that testosterone signaling
Mechanistic preclinical study in mouse models proposing MIF as a therapeutic target; lacks clinical validation, hard endpoints, or translation to patient benefit.
Sound preclinical study with patient-derived models and in vivo validation showing XPO1 inhibition activates TP53 and reduces tumor burden, but lacks clinical trial data and human efficacy evidence.