A systematic review synthesizing evidence on biomarkers for BCG therapy prediction in bladder cancer; provides a landscape assessment rather than a new empirical result, identifying gaps and promising directions for clinical practice.
Observational microbiota profiling study in a single cohort showing modest associations with survival outcomes, lacking a control group and powered only to detect compositional differences, not clinical prediction.
Meta-analysis of public transcriptomic data identifying candidate biomarkers and immune signatures associated with neoadjuvant response in rectal cancer, but without clinical validation, prospective design, or outcome prediction model.