Systematic review of 96 observational and interventional studies showing consistent association between abdominal obesity and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults, with identified biological mechanisms, though causality is not established and intervention evidence remains limited.
Retrospective cohort study with modest sample size and no comparator group, providing exploratory temporal data on physiological changes during 5:2 fasting but insufficient to establish causal effects or clinical utility.
Cross-sectional survey with descriptive and exploratory analysis identifying nutritional heterogeneity in blood donors; no intervention tested and no prospective data on long-term outcomes, limiting inference about donor health preservation.
This is a narrative mini-review synthesizing mechanistic, animal, and observational human evidence without new primary data, raising questions about maternal fiber and SCFA effects on offspring health rather than providing definitive answers.
This is a narrative review that synthesizes mechanistic evidence and preclinical findings about bioactive peptides and gut microbiota, raising therapeutic questions rather than testing them in humans.
An opinion paper synthesizing two cross-sectional epidemiological studies in a small, localized Filipino cohort; provides contextual interpretation and proposes future research directions rather than presenting primary trial evidence or definitive mechanistic proof.
A structured synthesis of expert consensus, guidelines, and evidence summaries on nutritional management across the bladder cancer care pathway, designed to inform clinical practice.
Retrospective observational study without causal inference; primary associations become non-significant after adjustment for confounders, limiting clinical actionability.