Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), particularly anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, has emerged as an important treatment option for bladder cancer (BLCA). However, a substantial proportion of
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant infiltrating immune cells in tumors and contribute to the formation of an immunosuppressive niche. Ginsenoside Rg3, a trit
Two major, contradictory forces act simultaneously on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME): one enhances the immune response following the identification of danger, whi
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures released by neutrophils, consisting of a DNA backbone embedded with histones and granular enzymes. Initially identifie
Abstract Immunometabolism has emerged as a central framework for understanding how metabolic pathways regulate immune cell function and inflammatory responses. Among the metabolic
Therapy resistance, metastatic relapse, and immune evasion are major contributors to breast cancer–related mortality; however, the proteostatic systems that support phenotypic plas
Abstract Cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality, with increasing incidence and limited therapeutic options for advanced-stage disease. Accumulating evidence indicates t
Lipid metabolic reprogramming is increasingly recognized as a core adaptive feature of cancer, extending well beyond the passive fulfillment of lipid demand during rapid proliferat