This is a systematic review of preclinical models (in vitro and ex vivo platforms) without primary efficacy data, clinical outcomes, or comparative effectiveness evidence; it maps landscape and provides catalogue value but does not establish whether any model predicts clinical benefit.
Single-centre observational study applying a previously developed algorithm to correlative genomic and immune data without experimental validation, prospective clinical outcome assessment, or comparison to an independent cohort.
Single-center cohort of six patients from a prematurely terminated phase 2 trial with descriptive analysis only; feasibility and immune remodeling demonstrated but efficacy and safety conclusions explicitly limited by sample size and trial discontinuation.
A multicenter retrospective study showing improved survival and response rates with triple-combination therapy in advanced ICC, but limited by non-randomized design and moderate sample size that requires prospective confirmation.