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Streptococcal Infections and Treatments · Journal article
Comprehensive Physiology · August 1, 2026
Raises a question worth testing. It does not answer one.
This is a narrative review proposing that antimicrobial resistance may amplify cardiovascular risk through endothelial dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms, with emphasis on resistant infective endocarditis and device-associated infections as clinical exemplars. The authors acknowledge major gaps: absence of longitudinal studies directly comparing cardiovascular outcomes after resistant versus susceptible infections, insufficient mechanistic evidence for causality, and lack of validated risk biomarkers, indicating the field remains exploratory.
Narrative review. Patients with resistant infections, particularly those with infective endocarditis or cardiovascular device-associated infections; broader populations at risk of cardiovascular complications following severe or resistant infections..
Resistant infections may facilitate endothelial dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and thrombo-inflammatory activation Multidrug-resistant pathogens and biofilm formation in infective endocarditis and device-associated infections may compromise clinical outcomes Major knowledge gaps include limited longitudinal studies comparing cardiovascular outcomes after resistant versus susceptible infections and insufficient mechanistic evidence to establish causality
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
Clinicians should consider cardiovascular risk assessment in selected patients recovering from severe or resistant infections. However, the review does not provide sufficient evidence to change management algorithms; further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are required to establish causality and identify high-risk subgroups.
A narrative review synthesizing mechanistic frameworks and clinical observations linking antibiotic resistance to cardiovascular injury, but explicitly identifying major knowledge gaps and lacking direct clinical outcome evidence.
As stated by the source record.
Clinicians should consider cardiovascular risk assessment in selected patients recovering from severe or resistant infections. However, the review does not provide sufficient evidence to change management algorithms; further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are required to establish causality and identify high-risk subgroups.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
What is missing. This record has no reported figures. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge traditionally discussed within the domain of infectious diseases; however, emerging evidence suggests that its implications may extend to cardiovascular health. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the potential links between resistant infections and cardiovascular injury, with emphasis on mechanisms that may distinguish resistant infections from infections in general. These factors may facilitate endothelial dysfunction, immune dysregulation, thrombo‐inflammatory activation, and the progression or destabilization of cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. This review examines the emerging interplay between antimicrobial resistance and cardiovascular pathology, with particular focus on the infection–inflammation–atherosclerosis axis as a plausible mechanistic framework. Key clinical contexts, including resistant infective endocarditis and cardiovascular device‐associated infections, are highlighted as important examples of this intersection, where multidrug‐resistant pathogens and biofilm formation may compromise clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the review addresses the broader clinical and public health implications of antimicrobial resistance as a potential amplifier of cardiovascular risk, underscoring the importance of integrated, multidisciplinary care and antibiotic stewardship. Clinically, this emerging connection suggests that selected patients recovering from severe or resistant infections may benefit from cardiovascular risk assessment and follow‐up. Public health strategies that reduce antibiotic resistance may also help mitigate downstream cardiovascular complications, although further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed. Major knowledge gaps remain, including the limited availability of longitudinal studies comparing cardiovascular outcomes following resistant versus susceptible infections, insufficient mechanistic evidence to establish causality, and the lack of validated biomarkers for identifying high‐risk patients.
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