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Life sciences · Journal article
Unisanta. Bioscience · October 1, 2026
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Background: Excess weight during childhood and adolescence is associated with early metabolic and lipoprotein abnormalities. However, these abnormalities may not be fully reflected by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, particularly during the early stages of excess adiposity. Objective: To evaluate the metabolic and lipoprotein profile according to nutritional status in children and adolescents, with particular attention to abnormalities already present in overweight. Methods: This school-based cross-sectional study included 1,180 students aged 6–16 years, with data collected during the second semester of 2016; 56.2% were female. Participants were classified as having normal weight, overweight, or obesity according to body mass index percentiles. Glucose, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides (TG), and non-HDL-C were evaluated. LDL particle size was estimated, as a complementary variable, using the equation proposed by Maruyama et al. Comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney and chi-square tests, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 1,180 participants, 862 (73.1%) had normal weight, 157 (13.3%) had overweight, and 161 (13.6%) had obesity. Compared with participants with normal weight, those with overweight had higher TG [82.0 (56.0–107.0) vs. 62.0 (48.0–79.0) mg/dL; p<0.0001] and non-HDL-C [114.3 (95.1–136.8) vs. 107.2 (89.6–126.1) mg/dL; p<0.0001] and lower HDL-C [45.8 (39.9–53.4) vs. 49.5 (42.1–56.9) mg/dL; p=0.0006]. LDL-C did not differ significantly between participants with overweight and those with normal weight [96.1 (79.9–115.3) vs. 93.8 (77.8–112.4) mg/dL; p=0.2834]. Estimated LDL particle size was smaller in overweight [25.68 (25.41–25.86) vs. 25.83 (25.67–25.95) nm; p<0.0001]. Abnormalities were generally more pronounced among participants with obesity. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with excess weight showed a progressively more adverse metabolic and lipoprotein profile. Differences in TG, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C were already evident in participants with overweight, despite no significant difference in LDL-C compared with those with normal weight. Smaller estimated LDL particle size accompanied this pattern. These findings indicate that lipoprotein abnormalities associated with excess adiposity may be present before obesity is established and may not be fully reflected by LDL-C alone.