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Life sciences · Journal article
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · October 22, 2026
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Cancer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are associated with several limitations, including poor drug specificity, systemic toxicity, inadequate drug concentration at the tumor site and development of drug resistance. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising approaches for improving the therapeutic efficacy and safety of anticancer agents. Nanocarriers can improve drug solubility, stability, circulation time and bioavailability while facilitating targeted and controlled drug delivery. Various nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, nanoemulsions and inorganic nanoparticles, have been investigated for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology also enables active targeting through ligands such as antibodies, peptides and folic acid, as well as stimulus-responsive drug release in response to changes in pH, temperature, enzymes or redox conditions. Several nanomedicines have progressed from laboratory research to clinical applications. However, challenges related to toxicity, manufacturing, reproducibility, stability, tumor heterogeneity and regulatory approval remain. This review discusses the principles, types, mechanisms, applications, advantages, limitations and future perspectives of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.