Space weather dependence of decameter-scale ionospheric irregularities spatial distribution

This paper describes an approach to constructing nowcast and forecast predictive models for the occurrence of high-latitude decameter ionospheric irregularities based on SuperDARN and SECIRA radar data and space weather parameters. The method relies on self-learning pattern recognition in the dynamics of space weather parameters, that influence the irregularities formation. The proposed approach is a data-driven, multiscale method in which the spatial distribution of irregularities is approximated using a neural network of an original architecture, inspired by graph neural networks. The model was trained and tested using data from 11 radars during the period 2010-2025 (SuperDARN: CVW, ICE, ICW, INV, PGR, PYK, RKN, SAS, STO; SECIRA: EKB, MAGW). It is shown that the model achieves optimal performance when using geomagnetic coordinates MLT,MLAT. The optimal set of parameters for the best nowcast and forecast over studied set of parameters is a combination of geomagnetic and solar disturbance indices ($a_{p}$, $K_{p}$, $AE$, F10.7) from ground-based observations, and satellite-measured solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters ($P_{sw}$, $E_{sw}$, $\widetilde{B_{z}}$, $T_{sw}$). Hourly mean values for all the parameters were used in the analysis. The results indicate that acceptable forecast quality is achieved with a lead time of up to 7-9 hours, with the highest quality reached for nowcast (zero lead time). It is shown that the parameters $\widetilde{B_{z}}$ and F10.7 are significant for nowcasting only and can be neglected for other lead times. It is shown that $AE$ and $T_{sw}$ are significant for mid-term forecast (\textgreater 2hours ahead) and can be neglected for short-term predictions. Statistical relationships between the maximum latitude of the equatorial boundary of the irregularities and space weather parameters are also discussed.