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Life sciences · Journal article
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology · October 23, 2026
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Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are closely linked metabolic disorders that share common mechanisms, including insulin resistance, adipose tissue inflammation, lipotoxicity, endothelial dysfunction and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation.The coexistence of obesity and diabetes may accelerate the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications.Objective: To determine the frequency of obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and assess its association with diabetic complications.Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study included 158 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a Tertiary care hospital of Pakistan.Demographic profile, body mass index, waist circumference, duration of diabetes, glycaemic control, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetic complications were recorded.Patients were categorized as non-obese and obese using body mass index criteria.Diabetic complications assessed included peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, macrovascular disease and diabetic foot disease.Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression.A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Among 158 patients, 103 (65.2%) were obese and 55 (34.8%) were non-obese.Mean age was 52.7 +/-10.0 years and mean duration of diabetes was 8.5 +/-5.8 years.At least one diabetic complication was observed in 91 (57.6%) patients.The frequency of any diabetic complication was significantly higher in obese patients compared with non-obese patients, 69 (67.0%) versus 22 (40.0%),respectively (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.55-6.00;p=0.001).Peripheral neuropathy was the most frequent complication, followed by nephropathy, retinopathy and macrovascular disease.On multivariable analysis, obesity, duration of diabetes >=10 years, HbA1c >=8.0% and hypertension were independent predictors of diabetic complications.Conclusion: Obesity was highly prevalent among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and was significantly associated with a greater burden of diabetic complications, particularly neuropathy, nephropathy and macrovascular disease.Integrated management of obesity, glycaemic control, blood pressure and lipid abnormalities should be prioritized to reduce complication risk.