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Life sciences · Preprint
arXiv · September 17, 2026
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Reinforcement learning constitutes a promising approach owing to its potential for superhuman performance and self-learned policies. However, its application to real-world autonomous driving remains scarce, particularly in unstructured environments, because of the challenges associated with sim-to-real transfer for unstructured environments. In this work, we present MILER, an end-to-end policy framework with zero-shot sim-to-real transfer. During offline training, we employ a custom semantic mid-level representation (MLR) simulator and train the policy network using reinforcement learning, with its control outputs applied directly to a bicycle model. During deployment on the real vehicle, camera and LiDAR data are processed by BEVFusion to generate a semantic bird's-eye-view representation consistent with that of the MLR simulator. The actions generated by the policy network are not applied directly to the real vehicle. Instead, we employ a trajectory-alignment strategy that enables zero-shot sim-to-real transfer of both perception and control. We extensively evaluate the proposed framework on a diverse test track comprising numerous challenges, including various obstacles, hairpin curves, velocities of up to 33.6 km/h, and off-road sections. In total, we drove 17.3 km with two different vehicles on a 3.0 km test track without human intervention, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. Furthermore, the entire software stack runs on a Jetson AGX Orin.