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Life sciences · Journal article
Macedonian Medical Electronic Journal · September 25, 2026
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BACKGROUND: Oral potentially malignant disorders represent a significant concern in oral medicine due to their risk of progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Early detection and appropriate management are essential for reducing morbidity and improving patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment modalities for selected oral precancerous lesions. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted focusing on the most common oral potentially malignant disorders, including oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, and actinic cheilitis. Particular emphasis was placed on clinical assessment, identification of risk factors, and histopathological confirmation by biopsy. RESULTS: Biopsy remains the gold standard for assessing malignant potential. Management depends on the type and severity of the lesion and may include elimination of etiological factors, pharmacological therapy, surgical excision, laser treatment, and long-term surveillance. Malignant transformation may occur even after treatment. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis, timely intervention, and continuous follow-up are essential for reducing the risk of progression to oral cancer.