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Life sciences · Preprint
arXiv · October 23, 2026
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Regularised reinforcement learning (RL) has provable robustness guarantees that should ease the transfer of policies from simulation to robots, known as sim-to-real. Yet, weakly regularised algorithms like Proximal Policy Optimisation (PPO) remain the de facto choice in sim-to-real pipelines, while the practical benefits of regularisation for transfer remain poorly characterised. In this work, we study the sim-to-real performance of commonly used RL algorithms, with the aim of characterising the effects of regularisation on robotic performance. To that end, we derive Soft MellowMax Actor-Critic (SMM-AC), a novel regularised RL algorithm based on the soft mellowmax value function, which carries strong robustness guarantees. On MuJoCo continuous control benchmarks, SMM-AC is competitive with baselines like Soft Actor-Critic (SAC). On real robots, SMM-AC achieves higher return, while exhibiting greater robustness to perturbations in observations, the environment, and dynamics than baselines. Together, these results demonstrate that regularised RL improves real-world policy deployment through better robustness to the sim-to-real gap, and changing real-world conditions.