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Life sciences · Review
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology · October 22, 2026
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Background: The occurrence of metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome) is a result of complex interactions between genetic makeup and the food that one eats.Nutrigenomic science investigates how the nutrient content of foods modulates the expression of genes and the molecular pathways of metabolic health, and explains differences between individuals regarding their risk of metabolic disease.Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize human evidence on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms linking diet, gene regulation, and metabolic health within a nutrigenomic framework.Methods: Utilizing PRISMA 2020 protocol, the systematic literature review was conducted from January 2000 through December 2024, as identified via website searches (PubMed and Scopus) of the entire literature.The studies identified needed to be original research focused on the nutritional/biological component of the human body, such as human nutrigenomics and/or nutrigenetics, which studied the biochemical, molecular, and/or epigenetic mechanisms that impact an individual's metabo lic health.Studies meeting both of these factors were then selected according to predetermined eligibility criteria for the study selection process, which outlines answers and qualitative synthesis of data taken from those studies.Results: Of the total records that were found (740), only 9 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis of qualitative data.The studies examined demonstrated that the components of our diet are signalling molecules (through diet) which can affect gene expression, transcription factor activity and epigenetic regulation, all of which are involved in how the body regulates various processes.The main mechanisms they identified were nutrient-responsive pathways (e.g., regulating lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation) and they highlighted that gene-diet interaction and epigenetic modification resulting from diet significantly contribute towards the variability of susceptibility to metabolic disorders between individuals. Conclusion:The most recent data shows that the nutrigenomic mechanisms that help maintain the metabolic health of individuals, by directly connecting diets to gene regulation and metabolic pathways, exert a significant influence.To date, there are many examples of integrative human studies that demonstrate the mechanistic detail of how diet influences metabolism and gene regulation; however, there continues to be a significant shortage of primary human studies that also incorporate the molecular endpoints of these interactions.Future research must consider nutritional interventions alongside genomic and epigenetic studies to maximise the potential of precision nutrition strategies to prevent and manage metabolic disease.