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Life sciences · Journal article
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · October 22, 2026
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Abstract Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS) is an acute, potentially life-threatening condition often complicated by ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in TTS patients and associated with increased mortality. However, the arrhythmic mechanisms, genetic variability underlying TTS, and personalised therapy remain unclear. We generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from TTS patients and provoked TTS-like events by isoprenaline (Iso) stimulation. Compared with controls, atrial TTS iPSC-CMs exhibited enhanced diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺ leak and increased arrhythmogenic potential following Iso exposure. Iso-induced stress further increased systolic Ca²⁺ transient amplitude and reduced phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activity in TTS iPSC-CMs. Under baseline conditions, atrial TTS iPSC-CMs demonstrated unchanged Ca 2+ transient amplitude, reduced diastolic Ca 2+, elevated SERCA2 activity with faster Ca²⁺ decay compared to controls, which could be explained by increased phosphorylation of PKA-specific phospholamban S16. In contrast, ventricular TTS-iPSC-CM showed increased L-Type Ca 2+ current density, but reduced Ca 2+ transient amplitude with increased resting Ca 2+ leak and reduced PDE4 activity post-Iso-exposure. In atrial TTS iPSC-CMs, the PDE4 activator MR-L2 restored PDE4 activity, normalised several defects in Ca²⁺ handling and prevented arrhythmias more efficiently than the β-blocker metoprolol. Genetic analyses identified variants in the Ca²⁺ handling genes AHNAK and CASQ2 in TTS. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated isogenic rescue and mutation-insertion lines, confirming a causal role of p.P5390T in catecholamine-induced arrhythmogenic phenotypes in atrial TTS iPSC-CMs. Our findings support a mechanistic link between genetic predisposition to an excessive catecholaminergic stress response, dysregulated PDE/cAMP signalling, and atrial arrhythmogenesis in TTS-CMs, identifying PDE4 as a potential therapeutic target in this critical condition.