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Life sciences · Preprint
arXiv · November 2, 2026
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Despite their widespread success across machine learning, the learning dynamics and generalization properties of neural networks remain poorly understood. The neural tangent kernel (NTK) provides an analytical characterization of the learning dynamics of infinitely wide neural networks and serves as a useful proxy for finite-width networks in supervised learning. In this work, we extend the NTK framework to reinforcement learning (RL) by introducing a temporal-difference (TD) flow formulation that accommodates time-varying mini-batches and TD targets, yielding a closed-form solution for value function evolution in an overparametrized setting. We also devise an optimization-based state-space exploration method that leverages the closed-form solution, coupled with constraints on the environment, to model the set of feasible states. On a deterministic grid environment, we validate that the proposed RL-based NTK formulation is indeed learning efficiently and adapting to the distribution shift in the training data distribution, and we demonstrate that the resulting exploration strategy improves sample efficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first work to extend NTK theory to characterize the learning dynamics of RL training with time-varying mini-batches and TD updates.