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Life sciences · Journal article
Biologica Nyssana · October 20, 2026
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Effective chemotherapeutic management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) requires sustained intracellular drug exposure, which is often limited by poor cellular uptake and retention. Gemcitabine–platinum doublets remain a first-line therapy due to their complementary cell-cycle mechanisms. Herein, Tetronic® 1107–based biotin-functionalized polymersomes were developed to regulate intracellular exposure of gemcitabine and carboplatin in A549 NSCLC cells. It was hypothesized that biotin-mediated targeting would synchronize intracellular drug action, enhancing S-phase interference, G₂/M arrest, and apoptosis. Compared with free drugs, biotin-functionalized polymersomes increased intracellular accumulation by approximately 2-fold for gemcitabine and 1.8-fold for carboplatin. This enhanced exposure resulted in sustained S-phase engagement for gemcitabine and intensified G₂/M arrest for carboplatin relative to free drug treatment. These formulation-dependent cell-cycle effects translated into enhanced apoptotic responses with minimal necrosis, while preserving the established, drug-specific mechanisms of both agents.