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Aquaculture Disease Management and Microbiota · Journal article
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · August 6, 2026
A consensus or society position rather than new primary data.
This is a current opinion review that surveys recent advances in typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella vaccine development, documenting the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) programmes and accelerated development of candidates against S. Paratyphi A and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella using multiple platforms. The review identifies open scientific and implementation questions including durability of protection, booster strategies, and whether multivalent combination products suit diverse epidemiological settings.
Journal article. Populations in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa where typhoidal and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella are leading causes of bloodstream infection, mortality and morbidity..
Introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) programmes across some endemic countries represents a major public health milestone. Vaccine candidates for S. Paratyphi A and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) include conjugate, outer membrane vesicle/GMMA, and live-attenuated platforms advancing through preclinical and early clinical evaluation. Important unresolved questions include durability of protection, optimal booster strategies, and performance in diverse epidemiological settings.
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
Clinicians and public health professionals should recognize that TCV introduction represents progress in endemic regions, but expect evolving vaccine strategies incorporating multiple serovars. Implementation should be tailored to local epidemiology and age-specific risk rather than assuming uniform global applicability of combination products.
A current opinion review synthesizing recent vaccine development advances and identifying scientific, regulatory, and implementation challenges for Salmonella vaccines, providing expert perspective on strategy rather than reporting trial outcomes.
Clinicians and public health professionals should recognize that TCV introduction represents progress in endemic regions, but expect evolving vaccine strategies incorporating multiple serovars. Implementation should be tailored to local epidemiology and age-specific risk rather than assuming uniform global applicability of combination products.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
What is missing. This record has no reported figures. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Typhoidal and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) serovars remain leading causes of bloodstream infection, mortality and morbidity, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The rising burden of antimicrobial resistance has strengthened the case for vaccination as a control strategy. This review summarises recent advances in Salmonella vaccine development, highlighting progress, remaining challenges and future directions. RECENT FINDINGS: The introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) programmes across some endemic countries represents a major public health milestone. Important questions remain, however. These include the durability of protection, optimal booster strategies and performance in diverse epidemiological settings. Vaccine development for S. Paratyphi A and iNTS has also accelerated, with candidates including conjugate, outer membrane vesicle/GMMA and live-attenuated, platforms advancing through preclinical and early clinical evaluation. Multivalent vaccine strategies have attracted growing interest. However, the divergent epidemiology of typhoidal and non-typhoidal disease, including differences in age-specific risk and geographic distribution, raises important questions about whether a single combination product is suitable for all settings. SUMMARY: The Salmonella vaccine landscape is evolving rapidly from a focus on typhoid alone toward broader protection against multiple clinically important serovars. Although recent progress is encouraging, important scientific, regulatory, and implementation challenges remain. The practical case for integrated Salmonella vaccine strategies will depend on careful matching of vaccine composition to the differing epidemiology, age-specific risks, and delivery contexts of typhoidal and nontyphoidal disease.
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