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Life sciences · Journal article
Cuadernos De Educación Y Desarrollo · July 11, 2026
A consensus or society position rather than new primary data.
This integrative review documents systemic gender bias in cardiovascular diagnosis and management (termed Yentl Syndrome), showing that women present with distinct pathophysiology and atypical symptoms that are often trivialized or misattributed to psychiatric causes, leading to underdiagnosis and delayed treatment. The authors call for sex-specific precision cardiology, equitable health policies, and reform of medical education and clinical trial design to address this historical disparity.
Integrative literature review. Published literature on women's cardiovascular health and gender disparities in cardiology; setting and explicit eligibility criteria not detailed..
Women have unique cardiovascular illness patterns with higher prevalence of microvascular dysfunction and risk factors linked to the reproductive cycle Female cardiovascular symptoms are frequently classified as 'atypical' and trivialized, often misattributed to psychogenic factors such as anxiety Social and racial determinants compound gender disparities, causing vital delays in treatment, particularly evident in Latin America
No quantitative data on prevalence, incidence, or mortality differences between genders reported
Clinicians should recognize that women present with distinct cardiovascular pathophysiology and symptom patterns that deviate from the male-derived diagnostic paradigm; dismissing female symptoms as atypical or psychogenic delays critical diagnosis and treatment. Reform of medical education, adoption of sex-disaggregated clinical trial data, and systemic policy changes are necessary to reduce gender-based cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
An integrative literature review synthesizing evidence on gender disparities in cardiology diagnosis and treatment, offering expert analysis and recommendations for systemic change rather than reporting new primary data.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
Clinicians should recognize that women present with distinct cardiovascular pathophysiology and symptom patterns that deviate from the male-derived diagnostic paradigm; dismissing female symptoms as atypical or psychogenic delays critical diagnosis and treatment. Reform of medical education, adoption of sex-disaggregated clinical trial data, and systemic policy changes are necessary to reduce gender-based cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of female mortality worldwide; however, women's cardiovascular health has historically suffered from underdiagnosis and inadequate treatments due to systemic gender bias in medical practice, a phenomenon known as Yentl Syndrome. This study consists of an integrative literature review aimed at analyzing these disparities and the specific female pathophysiological characteristics. The research included publications from 2021 to 2026. The results demonstrate that women have unique illness patterns, with a higher prevalence of microvascular dysfunction and risk factors intrinsically linked to the reproductive cycle. Diagnosis is frequently hindered by the presentation of female symptoms considered "atypical," which tend to be trivialized by medical staff and associated with psychogenic factors, such as anxiety. Furthermore, social and racial determinants deepen these gaps in care, causing vital delays in treatment, which is especially evident in regions like Latin America. In conclusion, overcoming this severe gender disparity requires abandoning the extrapolated male cardiovascular model in favor of a true precision cardiology for women. It is imperative to promote equitable health policies, reform medical education, and ensure sex-disaggregated data in clinical trials to correct this historical debt and reduce morbidity and mortality
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