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Life sciences · Journal article
Acta Medica Balkanika · October 8, 2026
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Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one of the most common macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous international studies such as the UKPDS, ADVANCE, and ACCORD trials demonstrated a strong association between poor glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk and progression of vascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Peripheral arterial disease is an important marker for generalized atherosclerosis. Doppler ultrasonography is non-invasive method for localization and assessment of the degree of stenosis or occlusion in the arteries that supply blood to the extremities. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included a total of 230 patients with peripheral arterial disease, 200 with and 30 patients without T2DM treated at the Department of Internal Diseases, Clinical Hospital Stip. The research design of this study is descriptive and correlational and the obtained data are processed using the Python programming language for statistical analysis and data processing. Diabetes duration, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were analysed. The arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum value were calculated for each laboratory parameter. Doppler ultrasonography was performed at every patient with symptoms associated with PAD. Results: The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is higher in patients with diabetes and obesity, the duration of diabetes is significant from the aspect of cumulative effect, smoking is an important modifying risk factor, impaired lipid profile, especially increased triglycerides are closely related to increased fasting glycemia and increased HBA1C in patients with peripheral arterial disease and T2DM. Conclusion: Poor metabolic control is associated with increased PAD-related symptoms in patients with T2DM. Early identification of vascular symptoms, doppler ultrasonography for screening and optimization of glycaemic and lipid parameters may improve vascular outcomes.