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Life sciences · Journal article
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics · October 7, 2026
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Objective: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, including in Indonesia. Acanthus ilicifolius (jeruju), a mangrove plant widely distributed in Indonesian coastal areas, has demonstrated various pharmacological activities, but its anticancer potential remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of A. ilicifolius ethanolic extract on c-Myc expression in a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis model. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5 per group): normal control, DMBA-induced negative control, DMBA + cisplatin (3 mg/kg body weight [BW]), DMBA + A. ilicifolius ethanolic extract (1,500 mg/kg BW), and DMBA + A. ilicifolius ethanolic extract (3,000 mg/kg BW). Mammary carcinogenesis was induced using DMBA. Following treatment, c-Myc expression in mammary tissue was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining, and the percentage of c-Myc-positive area was quantified. Differences among groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The mean percentage of c-Myc-positive area was 16.26±2.28%, 37.71±5.37%, 7.97±1.68%, 25.91±7.01%, and 11.47±4.75% in the normal control, negative control, cisplatin, 1,500 mg/kg BW extract, and 3,000 mg/kg BW extract groups, respectively. One-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences among the groups (p < 0.05). Tukey's post hoc test showed that the negative control group differed significantly from all treatment groups. Moreover, the 3,000 mg/kg BW extract group exhibited lower c-Myc expression and values closer to those of the normal control group than the 1,500 mg/kg BW extract group. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of A. ilicifolius reduced c-Myc expression in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis, with a greater reduction observed at the higher dose. These findings suggest that A. ilicifolius may possess potential antiproliferative activity and warrant further investigation as a candidate for breast cancer chemoprevention or therapy.