Loading
Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · October 8, 2026
No summary has been generated for this record yet. What follows is drawn from its source metadata only.
Journal article.
No findings were extractable from the material analysed.
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
The source did not state who this applies to in practice.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
This record has not been graded across any dimension yet. Treat the label above as provisional and read the source.
What is missing. This record has no bottom line, key findings, reported figures, evidence dimensions. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
Leishmaniasis remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), affecting millions of individuals across tropical and subtropical regions. Caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by infected female phlebotomine sandflies, the disease manifests in a spectrum of clinical forms ranging from localized cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral infections. Despite substantial progress in disease control programmes, leishmaniasis continues to pose significant public health, socioeconomic, and healthcare challenges in endemic countries. Current chemotherapeutic options, including pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B formulations, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine, are constrained by toxicity, prolonged treatment regimens, high costs, and the emergence of drug-resistant parasite strains. Moreover, the absence of a licensed human vaccine remains a major obstacle to sustainable disease control. Consequently, the development of effective vaccines has emerged as a major research priority. Advances in molecular parasitology, immunology, and vaccine technology have led to the development of first-generation killed and live-attenuated vaccines, second-generation recombinant protein and subunit vaccines, and third-generation nucleic acid-based vaccine platforms. Recent innovations involving mRNA vaccines, viral vectors, genetically attenuated parasites, and controlled human infection models have further accelerated translational research. In parallel, advances in genomics, immunoinformatics, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology are facilitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets, vaccine antigens, and precision intervention strategies. Nevertheless, the complex biology of Leishmania, antigenic diversity, and sophisticated immune-evasion mechanisms continue to impede vaccine licensure. This review discusses the global burden of leishmaniasis, host–parasite interactions, current therapeutic approaches, mechanisms of drug resistance, vaccine development strategies, and emerging technologies that are shaping the future of leishmaniasis prevention and treatment.