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Life sciences · Journal article
Gastroenterology · September 29, 2026
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Background. The purpose of the study was to substantiate a preventive and diagnostic approach to gastric carcinoma by generalising risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of gastric oncogenesis. Materials and methods. The study was based on a theoretical analysis of 72 scientific sources published between 2020 and April 2026. Analysis was used to identify groups of gastric cancer risk factors and the mechanisms of the carcinogenic effect. Synthesis made it possible to generalise epidemiological, clinical and molecular biological data. Comparison was applied to assess the significance of individual factors in terms of evidence level and preventive value, while systematisation was used to organise these factors by aetiological nature, modifiability, and potential for preventive correction. Results. The analysis showed that gastric cancer has a multifactorial nature. Its risk develops under the influence of infectious, nutritional, behavioural, hereditary, socio-economic and environmental factors. Helicobacter pylori infection has the strongest evidential and preventive significance, as it is associated with chronic inflammation and precancerous changes in the gastric mucosa. It is also a modifiable infectious factor that can be targeted through eradication therapy. Atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia were identified as key morphological markers of increased risk. Dietary and behavioural factors are mainly modifiable, whereas family history and genetic predisposition are important for risk stratification. Timely diagnosis requires a combination of endoscopy, biopsy, histological examination, serological indicators and molecular markers. A risk-based approach is the most justified, with surveillance intensity determined by the combination of risk factors, precancerous changes and access to diagnostic methods. Conclusions. The findings confirm that preventing the late detection of gastric cancer requires an integrated model combining causal risk assessment, monitoring of precancerous conditions and differentiated selection of diagnostic methods. These results may be used by gastroenterologists, oncologists, family doctors and public health specialists to identify high-risk groups, plan endoscopic surveillance, organise preventive work and improve algorithms for the early detection of gastric cancer.